Chile An Engine Of Global Growth - 1471 Words

[Executive Summary] According to The World Bank there is a great possibility that developing countries may see a fourth consecutive year of disappointing economic growth in 2015, and may even encounter a fifth negative year in 2016. In the past couple months; developing countries have begun to see the repercussions of low prices for oil and key commodities (The World Bank, 2015). According to World Bank President Jim Yong Kim, Developing countries were an engine of global growth following the financial crisis, but now they face a more difficult economic environment†(The World Bank, 2015). Despite recent downturns for emerging markets, Chile has been on the up rise since taking a large hit to GDP growth in 2014. In this paper we will analyze the Chilean Economy, its financial systems, exchange rate systems, as well as some of the risk involved in investing in Chilean markets. What is really interesting about Chile’s economy is that it has developed rapidly over the past 30 years through the development of its financial system. Chile has seen an increase in the number of participants in its financial systems, an increase in market depth, and increase in the variety of products. From many standards, Chile’s overall financial system is considered very developed relative to other emerging countries (OECD, 2011). Paralleled with Chile’s financial system development, it has become increasingly more compartmentalized in comparison to a lot of other emerging markets as well. TheShow MoreRelatedAutomobile Industry Pest Analysis1065 Words   |  5 Pagesarea, as well as the limitation on license plate (number plate) in huge cosmopolitans. C) Some pioneering states in the US have started to set the rules to govern robotized motoring (autonomous driving). 2. Economic Factors A) Economic growth has shifted from traditional strong western countries (US, West Europe, specifically) to other parts of the world, especially, East and Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America. B) Auto Markets in developed countries are saturated: High rateRead MoreThe Impact Of Advanced Aircraft Technology : An Alternative To Bio-Fuels1167 Words   |  5 Pagespayloads of 50 tons and not dependent on runways, airports or roads, these airships also offer the ability to bring large cargo loads to specific project sites at a fraction of the fuel and cost of traditional aircraft. With the large surge of cargo growth in developing markets such as China, Africa, South America, and other regions where transportation infrastructure is limited, the future of Cargo Airships looks promising. There are currently a handful of companies that have prototypes under researchRead More24 - Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Clusters in Latin America6491 Words   |  26 Pages2005 (3)Universidad Adolfo Ibaà ±ez World Bank and CONICYT Program Research 2006-2008 Av. Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Peà ±alolen Santiago, Chile ISSN: 0718-2724. (http://www.jotmi.org) JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT INNOVATION  © JOTMI Research Group 52 J. Technol. Manag. Innov. 2008,Volume 3, Issue 3 Introduction Conceptual Framework Chile, like most Latin American and developing countries, has extensive natural resource industries. The mining occupies the 1st place of exportationsRead MoreBrazil s Demographic Distribution Of Brazil1551 Words   |  7 Pages 2 Demographic Distribution Brazil is the chief nation in South America with a population of 201,032,714, sustaining a growth rate of 0.9% and a population density of 24 per square km. According to the Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], 2014, â€Å"As the largest country it share borders with the Atlantic Ocean and every South American country except Chile and Ecuador which place them at a strategic advantage. Notably, the Federative Republic of Brazil’s capital is Brasilia and theRead MoreLatin American Airline Industry4384 Words   |  18 PagesLatin American airline industry TAM Airlines is the largest airline in Latin America in terms of number of annual passengers flown.[16]Along the first countries to have regular airlines in Latin America were Colombia with Avianca, Chile with LAN Chile (today LAN Airlines), Dominican Republic with Air Dominicana, Mexico with Mexicana de Aviacià ³n, Brazil with Varig, and TACA as a brand of several airlines of Central American countries (Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Nicaragua)Read MoreThe Growth Of Emerging Markets1415 Words   |  6 Pageshas led to increase interest from researchers in the international business discipline (Cavusgil, 1980; Hoskisson, Eden, Lau, Wright, 2000; Jormanainen Koveshnikov, 2012). In 2013, emerging economies invested $553 billion, representing 39% of global OFDI, compared with only 12% at the beginning of the 2000 (UNCTAD, 2014). These trends are consistent across different emerging market sub-regions, as organisations that are aggressively investing are doing s o not only from large emerging economiesRead MoreEssay on The Benefits and Drawbacks of Globalization1396 Words   |  6 Pagesliberalization will be examined in terms of effects on domestic and international markets, and secondly the impact will be examines in terms of affect on social issues such as inequality, poverty eradication and economic growth. These areas are commonly accepted as the most pressing global problems, and it follows that it should be the objective of any internationally endorsed economic system, to resolve these problems. The anti-globalization war is primarily being fought by international NGOs concernedRead More The Impact of Globalization on Qantas Airlines Marketing Strategy1777 Words   |  8 Pagesinternational borders makes its product more readily available to international customers and creates employment opportunities in the country it has moved to. To understand the impacts, globalisation, marketing (particularly market segmentation), global marketing strategies and general history of Qantas need to be examined. Qantas is the oldest airline in the English speaking world. It was founded by the three aviation pioneers Hudson Fysh, Paul McGinness and Fergus McMaster as the QueenslandRead MoreThe World s First And Second Century Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of agriculture which included cotton, sugar and tobacco. Theorist Andre Gunder Frank gives insight on the â€Å"dependency theory† in which he feels that many countries are not underdeveloped but undeveloped. Frank explains this theory on how the growth of the industrial system over the past centuries effected much of the undeveloped world in which the economic, political, social and cultural institutions, and relations are the direct result of the historical development of the capitalist systemRead MoreCase 11 Mabindra Mabindra B 10337 Words   |  42 Pageswww.ib.cdc.org Case 11 Mahindra Mahindra (B): An Emerging Global Giant? I have been on record to say that my philosophy of going global is because if you dont succeed abmad or dont have the capacity to succeed abmad and to carve out some turf abroad you are not going to be safe at home [. . .}. If you want to compete with multinationals you have to be a multinational. So that is the logical rationale for going abmad.HI -ANAND G. MAHINDRA, Vice Chairman and Managing Director, Mahindra Mahindra

The U.S. Food Safety System

Ensuring food safety is one of those federal government functions we only notice when it fails. Considering that the United States is one of the best-fed nations in the world, widespread outbreaks of food-borne illness are rare and usually quickly controlled. However, critics of the U.S. food safety system often point to its multi-agency structure which they say too often prevents the system from acting swiftly and efficiently. Indeed, food safety and quality in the United States is governed by no less than 30 federal laws and regulations administered by 15 federal agencies. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) share primary responsibility for overseeing the safety of the U.S. food supply. In addition, all states have their own laws, regulations, and agencies dedicated to food safety. The federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is mainly responsible for investigating localized and nationwide outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. In many cases, the food safety functions of the FDA and USDA overlap; particularly inspection/enforcement, training, research, and rulemaking, for both domestic and imported food. Both USDA and FDA currently conduct similar inspections at some 1,500 dual jurisdiction establishments -- facilities that produce foods regulated by both agencies. Role of the USDA The USDA has primary responsibility for the safety of meat, poultry, and certain egg products. USDAs regulatory authority comes from the Federal Meat Inspection Act, the Poultry Products Inspection Act, the Egg Products Inspection Act and the Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act. USDA inspects all meat, poultry and egg products sold in interstate commerce, and re-inspects imported meat, poultry, and egg products to makes sure they meet U.S. safety standards. In egg processing plants, the USDA inspects eggs before and after they are broken for further processing. Role of the FDA The FDA, as authorized by the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and the Public Health Service Act, regulates foods other than the meat and poultry products regulated by the USDA. FDA is also responsible for the safety of drugs, medical devices, biologics, animal feed and drugs, cosmetics, and radiation emitting devices. New regulations giving the FDA the authority to inspect large commercial egg farms took effect on July 9, 2010. Prior to this rule, FDA inspected egg farms under its broad authorities applicable to all food, focusing on farms already linked to recalls. Apparently, the new rule did not take effect soon enough to allow for proactive inspections by the FDA of the egg farms involved in the August 2010 recall of nearly half a billion eggs for salmonella contamination. Role of the CDC The Centers for Disease Control leads federal efforts to gather data on foodborne illnesses, investigate foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, and monitor the effectiveness of prevention and control efforts in reducing foodborne illnesses. CDC also plays a key role in building state and local health department epidemiology, laboratory, and environmental health capacity to support foodborne disease surveillance and outbreak response. Differing Authorities All of the federal laws listed above empower the USDA and FDA with different regulatory and enforcement authorities. For example, food products under FDAs jurisdiction may be sold to the public without the agencys prior approval. On the other hand, food products under USDAs jurisdiction must generally be inspected and approved as meeting federal standards before being marketed. Under current law, UDSA continuously inspects slaughter facilities and examines each slaughtered meat and poultry carcass. They also visit each processing facility at least once during each operating day. For foods under FDAs jurisdiction, however, federal law does not mandate the frequency of inspections. Addressing Bioterrorism Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the federal food safety agencies began taking on the added responsibility of addressing the potential for deliberate contamination of agriculture and food products - bioterrorism. An executive order issued by President George W. Bush in 2001 added the food industry to the list of critical sectors that need protection from possible terrorist attack. As a result of this order, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 established the Department of Homeland Security, which now provides overall coordination for protecting the U.S. food supply from deliberate contamination. Finally, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 granted the FDA additional food safety enforcement authorities similar to those of the USDA. Cooperation with State and Local Food Safety Systems According to the U.S. Department Health and Human Services (HHS), more than 3,000 state, local, and territorial agencies are responsible for food safety in retail food establishments within their jurisdictions. Most states and territories have separate departments of health and of agriculture, while most counties and cities have similar food safety and inspection agencies. In most states and local jurisdictions, the department of health has authority over restaurants, while the agriculture department is responsible for food safety in retail supermarkets. While the states inspect meat and poultry sold in the state where they are produced, the process is monitored by the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Under the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 and the Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968, state inspection programs are required to be â€Å"at least equal to† federal meat and poultry inspection programs. The federal FSIS takes over responsibility for inspections if a state voluntarily ends its inspection programs or fails to maintain the â€Å"at least equal to† standard. In a few states, state employees conduct meat and poultry inspections in federally-operated plants under federal-state cooperative inspection contracts.

Aesops Fable of the Bundle of Sticks Unity Is Strength

An old man had a set of quarrelsome sons, always fighting with one another.  On the point of death, summoned his sons around him to give them some parting advice. He ordered his servants to bring in a bundle of sticks wrapped together. To his eldest son, he commanded, Break it. The son strained and strained, but with all his efforts was unable to break the bundle. Each son in turn tried, but none of them was successful. Untie the bundle, said the father, and each of you take a stick. When they had done so, he called out to them: Now, break, and each stick was easily broken. You see my meaning, said their father. Individually, you can easily be conquered, but together, you are invincible. Union gives strength. History of the Fable Aesop, if he existed, was a slave in the seventh century Greece. According to Aristotle, he was born in Thrace. His fable of the Bundle of Sticks, also known as the Old Man and His Sons, was well known in Greece. It spread to Central Asia as well, where it was attributed to the Genghis Khan. Ecclesiastes picked up the moral in his proverbs, 4:12 (King James Version) And if one prevail against him, two shall withstand him; and a threefold cord is not quickly broken. The concept was translated visually by the Etruscans, who passed it along to the Romans, as the fasces—a bundle of rods or spears, sometimes with an axe in their midst. The fasces as a design element would find its way to the original design of the U.S. dime and the podium in the U.S. House of Representatives, not to mention the Italian Fascist Party; the flag of the borough of Brooklyn, New York; and the Knights of Columbus. Alternate Versions The old man in the fable as told by Aesop was also known as a Scythian king and 80 sons. Some versions present the sticks as spears. In the 1600s, the Dutch  economist Pieter de la Court popularized the story with a farmer and his seven sons; that version came to supersede Aesops in Europe. Interpretations De la Courts version of Aesops story is prefaced with the proverb Unity makes strength, strife wastes, and this conception came to influence the American and British trade union movements. A common depiction on the banners of trade unions in Britain was a man kneeling to break a bundle sticks, contrasted with a man successfully breaking a single stick.

Essay on We Can End World Hunger - 1417 Words

In the past ten years the world population exceeded six billion people with most of the growth occurring in the poorest, least developed countries in the world. The rapidly increasing population and the quickly declining amount of land are relative and the rate at which hunger is increasing rises with each passing year. We cannot afford to continue to expand our world population at such an alarming rate, for already we are suffering the consequences. Hunger has been a problem for our world for thousands of years. But now that we have the technology and knowledge to stamp it out, time is running short. Food security is one of the largest problems facing our world today. To be food secure a country must have enough†¦show more content†¦Building a foundation together is building one that will last and one that will be finished together gradually over time. If we not only donate technology to these countries, but also work with them to fit the technology into their culture and lifestyles, then they will feel like they are a part of the solution. There are programs today working towards this goal. The following are descriptions of three programs dedicated to teaching small-scale farmers to become more self-sufficient. Self-Help International was established in Waverly, Iowa and has been fighting world hunger and promoting self-reliance since 1959. It is an ecumenical organization devoted to empowering farmers in developing countries to increase their food production efficiency and improve their incomes. Self-Help Internationals mission statement is to alleviate hunger by helping people help themselves. Self-Help focuses on agricultural and technological development, nutrition, rural transportation, marketing training, and leadership development. Self-Help International has a variety of projects in third world countries. These projects have several objectives that they address including training small-scale farmers to improve their methods of farming and transportation. They are also assisting in dealing with post-harvest problems of storage, processing, and marketing. Another objective is training people in the use of Quality ProteinShow MoreRelatedThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages 2. Organs, committees, agencies or NGOs of the UN that are involved These are the references that the 2030 agenda stated were in support of the zero hunger challenge: â€Å"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Voluntary Guidelines to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security; ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights of Work; Global Strategic Framework for Food Security andRead MoreGenetically Food And World Hunger Problem1202 Words   |  5 Pagesmodified food And World Hunger Problem As Lehrer writes in the article â€Å" We, Robots†, compared to expectation on each other, people are extremely eager to take sides on technology (Lehrer, n.d.). In the 21st century, Technology has an extremely significant effect on the lives of individuals. Technology shows people a more efficient way to do things; Medical discoveries occur at an increasingly fast rate and agricultural processes that once required a plenty of human workers can now be automated.Read MoreThe Problem Of Hunger By Bill Gates992 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestments, we can deliver innovation and information to enough farmers in Africa to increase productivity by 50 percent for the continent overall† , this was one of the line said by Bill Gates in his article explaining his goals on farming. One of the main goals that many people hope to accomplish is world hunger. Many of the article explain what the goal is and how they think it can be solved. There are many contributions to hunger such as fa rming and nutrition. Many people around the world have beenRead MoreHunger Is A Growing Phenomenon1459 Words   |  6 PagesUnfortunately, for the so many people of this world, who are not privileged with the luxury of satisfying the hunger level of the basic human hierarchical needs, hunger supersedes the mere headache, nausea, or mood irritability. We have coined the word – world hunger to group these individuals together, and quite frankly, for these individuals, their only concern in the world, is whether death or their next meal will come first. World hunger is a growing phenomenon that requires proper understatingRead MoreThe Importance Of Hunger960 Words   |  4 PagesHunger, in short, is a crisis that is marked by the inability to meet basic nutritional needs. The lack of nutrition brought by hunger leads to cognitive problems, bodily problems and ultimately death. While hunger is commonly correlated with third world countries such as Haiti, it is a global crisis e xperienced by every region in some form. The devastation of hunger is unmissable, claiming â€Å"the lives of 20,000 children a day† (Gitlin 1252). Additionally, with a population experiencing exponentialRead MoreCielo Caldelas. Mrs. Gallos. English Iii Honors. 6 April1598 Words   |  7 PagesPrevention of Child Hunger Many children in this world suffer everyday in very different ways. Suffering ways could be the loss of shelter or having a very chronic disease. â€Å"We could start with hunger and malnutrition, which kill 3.1 million children under the age of five every year† (McGowan 8). Hunger is considered one of those ways and also causes other suffering barriers. Hunger is the craving and want of food. At times hunger causes a person to become very weak. Hunger has caused many childRead More How can we remove causes of hunger today Essay764 Words   |  4 Pages Q. How can we remove the causes of hunger in the world today? At the end of World War II public officials and scientists from all over the world predicted that, with advances in modern technology, it would be possible by the end of the century to end poverty, famine, and endemic hunger in the world. Today these optimistic projections have been replaced by hopelessness and resignation as perhaps one-fifth of the worlds peoples live in absolute poverty with incomes of less than $700 a year. The UnitedRead MoreHunger Is A Conflict With Hunger1174 Words   |  5 PagesHunger is a conflict that many countries are having to deal with. People from all around the world have to suffer from lack of food or a disease caused from hunger. It is our job to put a stop to it for good. Many causes of hunger are lack of investment in agriculture, changes in climate and weather, poverty, unstable markets, and food wastage, as stated in WFP.org (2015). As a result, 795 million people suffer from lack of food and 3.5 million children die from hunger or diseases caused by hungerRead MoreThe Hunger Of World Hunger1261 Words   |  6 Pagesfood for everyone. Now the world produces enough food for every single human being on this planet of about 2700 calorie diet a day, which is more than enough for average people. But it’s kind of ironic world hunger still exist and is the leading cause of deaths per year. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that about 805 million people of the 7.3 billion people in the world were suffering from chronic undernourishment. World hunger doesn’t just kill people,Read MoreSolving World Hunger Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesthe people that live on it. Most of us aren’t lacking heat, and we definitely are not lacking any air, but the sad fact is, is that a lot of people in the world today do not have access to food or safe water. It’s not that we are incapable of producing enough food for the population, it’s just that there is an uneven distribution of this food. The richest 20% of people in the world consume nearly half the meat and fish in the world, but the poorest 20% consume just 5%[2]. This is because of several

Music LessonBrandenburg Free Essays

Write a brief definition of: Tonality Modulation Harmony Chord Root First Inversion Seventh Chord Oh no it’s a Theory Byte Technical Name for the notes of the scale. As LIMIT ACID Key Relationships Key Signatures F C G DAD B Order of sharps C] Semitone above = name of key. BEAD G CB order of flats Name of PENULTIMATE flat = key signature All major keys have related minor – same key signature. We will write a custom essay sample on Music LessonBrandenburg or any similar topic only for you Order Now Minor 3rd below key note e. G. G major relative minor is E Minor. Circle of Fifths Tonality and Harmony Class work – Discuss: 0 Tonal Plan and Key Relationships CLC Modulations L] Analysis of Chords and Cadences C] Circle of Fifths. Private Study Tasks Continue working on your composition using the feedback/targets we discussed. Don’t forget Deadline One is 1 9th October. Make sure that your Brandenburg score notes are fully complete as we will be working on questions next week in preparation for an assessment in the final week. Listen to the piece a number of times – use your annotated score to follow the music. Create a glossary of the key musical terms which link to the Brandenburg Concerto. Add musical examples where appropriate. (Retooling, Basso Continuo, Figured Bass, Flute a beck, Natural Trumpet, Arpeggio, Sequence (rising, falling), Ripen, Concertina, Counterpoint, Tutu, Unison, Trill, Dominant Seventh, Dominant Pedal, Syncopation, Homophobic, Diminished Seventh Chord, Circle of Fifths) Extra help Extra support with composition -? please book a slot of time with me. Period 5 on Friday. Theory Support. Mr. Reed is available on Friday periods 3 and 4. How to cite Music LessonBrandenburg, Papers

Appreciating Exchange Rates Of Australia †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Why It Is Important To Analyze Both The Long Term And Short-Term Impact On The Businesses? What Other Factors Are There That Are Affecting The Trading And Increasing The Exchange Rate? Why There Is A Need Of Reducing The Exchange Rate When It Is Good For Many Businesses? What Should Be Done To Control The Other Asian Countries? Is The Impact Of The Appreciating Exchange Rate Has Only Negative Affect? Policies Should Only Be Focusing In Lowering The Exchange Rate? How To Develop Policies That Can Help In Improving The Domestic Market? Answers: Introduction In the recent times, Australia has impacted the global market immensely. In the current global financial and economic system, the Australian dollar has a major role. The fluctuating exchange rate affect various business sectors and communities on a global level like importers, exporters, international and domestic investors. The value of Australian dollar currently revolves around 0.75 US dollars. It belongs to the group small commodity currencies but its movement affects the companies differently from other small commodity currencies. This difference and the increasing strength of the Australian dollar over the past decade is raising question the mind of economist and becoming a topic of discussion. The report presented here aims to analyze its impact on the businesses and the communities and a brief research methodology is presented to come on the conclusion of the problem statement. Recommendations for the same is also added to provide some endurance to the topic (Alauddin, 2013). Aim and objectives The Australian dollar has developed drastically in the last decade and this is leading to the increased concern. The high exchange rates of Australia will impact on the trade-exposed sectors of the economy which is a major concern for the trade operators and associates. The report presented here aims to identify the sectors getting affected by it and present a research methodology to find a solution and developing policies to control the exchange rates (Azimi, 2016). The Appreciation of Australian dollar is propitious for some of the groups while its unpleasant for others. The result is quite diverse and extensive since for importers it is good news as the imports become really cheap thus increasing the demand of the products imported. On the other hand, bad news for exporters as the exports becomes very expensive which reduces their international completeness thus fall in demand of Australian exports. Australia is a country that is based on natural resources for maintaining the economic stability in the nation and thus exports are very important part of the economic and financial aspects of the country (Christensen, 2016). The low rate of exports will drastically affect the earning of the people and will reflect in the GDP pf the country and its per capita income. Another group of people getting affected by the rising value of the Australian dollar will be tourist. Australian government has many programs in the process to increase tourism in the country as it brings capital for the country. But with the increased rates the tourists will prefer a destination that is pocket-friendly. The major population of Australia is of the students and there is a huge percentage of students coming from other countries to study in Australia. But the increasing rate of Australian dollar it will become an unfavorable condition because with a high Australian dollar rate, education becomes expensive in Australia. If the dollar rate is low it becomes cheaper for the travelers and students as compared to other global destinations hence a preferred destination (Dean, 2017). Businesses affected Among the major businesses which will be affected by the strong Australian dollar is the investment sector. Both foreign and domestic investors will be affected by the fluctuating rates. This will lead to decline in investment opportunities in Australia. A reduction will be seen on the end of domestic investors particularly who invests primarily in the companies which have large share of sales in export market, reason being strong dollar will decline their profits drastically. Since the high rate of Australian dollar will make the assets in Australia seem more expensive than the assets of other countries hence they will not consider to make any short-term investment in Australia. This will affect the economy of Australia dramatically. The decline in foreign investments will result in decrease in productivity of the country (Haque, Topal and Lilford, 2015). The investment brings in new technology and scope of growth in the country, with diminishing investment, these opportunities will be slump. Among the other sectors, tourism will also be remarkably affected. The tourism industry compromises of both domestic and foreign tourists, the domestic tourists will prefer to travel abroad rather than within Australia since its cheaper for them to travel other countries. Similarly, foreign tourist will even prefer to choose destinations other than Australia since due to the strong dollar rate Australia becomes comparably more expensive destination than other countries. This will even have an adverse effect on the economy of Australia. Tourism Industry has both a direct and indirect impact on the GDP of the country. The direct impacts include consumption of tourists and the increase in employments in this industry, indirectly its associated with lot many other businesses like hotel industry and transport industry. Further indirect association is the employments with in these industries (Jackson, 2009). The export and import industry are the other principal industries to be affected, which has a huge impact on many other industries within and outside the country. The appreciation of Australian dollar can cause a deficit in trade due to multiplying import and contracting exports. Since a strong Australian dollar means high exchange rate between Australian currency and other currencies thus the repercussions are the export commodities seems to have some high rates. This decreases the export especially in agricultural and manufacturing sector. Contrary to this the importable commodity appears to be relatively cheaper, hence increase in import. This ascend is seen predominantly in energy resources. To find a solution to such issues it is important to conduct the research and find a solution that may help the investors, exporters, and other business sectors along with every group of people that is getting affected by the increasing rate of Australian dollar. Symptoms The symptoms that shows that the change in the exchange rates of the Australian dollar and its impact on two business sectors that is tourism and trading sector and the need of research are given below: - The general opinion says that the effect of the appreciating exchange rate of Australia is all positive, but the actual impacts are diverse and extensive. Looking on the short-term basis the appreciating exchange rates allows increased imports that provide easy and cheap products for the citizen of the country. The diverse impact shows on the exports as it gets expensive and traders reduce it. The result will be increased domestic spending on foreign products and that will affect the local manufacturers and other business sectors (Khayat, 2017). The decreased exports will have the reduced investment and earning of foreign capital that will affect the countrys per capita income and in the future the result will the lowering exchange rates of the currency. The appreciating exchange rates will attract investors in the country or it may make them select other options. This is a likely symptom that can be ascertained only after the impact is researched and analyzed on. The decrease in the tourism will affect the major economic section of the country. This is a symptom that demands the research of the matter and finding and developing the policies that will help the country to enhance its good earning source Tourism its galore (Luetkepohl and Milunovich, 2015). Other countries with the lower exchange rate will try to take the advantage of the situation and will try to capture the global market. For example, China is the country that has a stable exchange rates and with low labor cost it attracts a lot of global investors to invest in the country (Marmolejo, 2011). Decision Statement and Research Question Decision statement are the decisions that a company, organization, or researchers take to decide how to further in a situation. To reach on this decision statement, it is important to identify each factor associated with it and for that research on the different attributes are taken (Meng, 2015). The decision statements here should be as follows: There is a need of policies to control the appreciating Australian dollar The domestic market and manufactures should be developed to stand against in the competition against the imported foreign products. Literature review The objective of this research is to broaden the understanding about how the appreciating Australian dollar affects the economic, social and business conditions in the country. The Garton and his associates says that there are many reasons for this appreciation and that includes high terms of the trade, strong economic performance, rising resources prices, less risk of government debts and difference in interest of Australia and other countries Garton et al. (2012). Therefore, there is a need to determines the impact of appreciation on the various groups and businesses. Ashvini Ravimohan also agrees with it and explain the effects and impacts of the appreciating exchange rates on various business sectors. The conditions will dramatically be affected by the rising dollar rate, which will affect the inflation, employment scenarios etc (Ravimohan, 2010). It is required to understand both the short-term and long-term consequences of the appreciation. Further it is required to analyze the other factors which affect the appreciation as the exchange rate even depends on the other trading partners of Australia like Japan and the EU. The appropriate research required to be done by the affecting businesses to sustain the economic changes. Another author Lin says that the difference between the stock prices and the exchange rates are in need of determination to find right policies for the country to develop domestically and globally (Lin, 2012). The three hypotheses that is leading the economists take this research ahead includes: - The appreciation of the Australian dollar is not a temporary phase and it needs be controlled by developing policies. The business sectors getting affected are very high in number to take this as a serious point to research. Australian government is not efficient enough to manage the appreciating exchange rate and GDP of the country parallelly. Ethical issues When it becomes difficult to take the decision due personal and professional beliefs, then it is known as ethical issues. The ethical issues that may be considered while deciding the policies and taking decision are as follows: - The appreciating exchange rates increases the value of the country in the global market then is it ethical to make policies to reduce it? What is important providing goods to citizens at lower prices or making policies to improve the local products and market? Conclusion The increasing Australian dollar value is the sign of prosperity of the country but its impacts are not very satisfying and all positive. There is a need of policies that help in maintaining the exchange rates of the country and help in improving the businesses of the country that are getting negatively affected by the appreciating exchange rates. The research questions and problem statement discussed in the task emphasizes on the increasing need of creating a balance in the exchange rates and various business sectors and communities that are getting affected by the changed exchange rate of Australian dollar. Thus, a proper research will help to achieve on the conclusion and will help in effectively developing the policies. Recommendations Recommendations that can help in finding the solution to above-given problem statement and related research questions are as follows: - The government should take steps to control the exchange rate There is need of developing the domestic business sector of the country to make the economy of the country stronger. The business sectors should take individual surveys to identify the impact of the appreciating exchange rate. The communities getting affected should take questionnaires and surveys to identify initial issues and then develop policies. References Alauddin, M. (2013). Feasibility of Export-Led Import Substitution Industrialization Under Dependency and Unequal Exchange Framework.SSRN Electronic Journal. Azimi, M. (2016). Exchange rate re-examined: The varying impact of import and export on exchange rate volatility.International Journal of Management Excellence, 7(1), p.716. Christensen, M. (2016). The Import/Export of Police Models: Danish 19thCentury Police Reform Between Elites of Revolution and Reaction.Journal of Historical Sociology. Dean, G. (2017). Letter to the Editor: Austrlian Prescriber distribution.Australian Prescriber, pp.4-4. Garton, P., D. Gaudry and R. Wilcox, 2012. Understanding the appreciation of the Australian dollar and its policy implications. Economic Round-Up, 2: 39-61. Haque, M., Topal, E. and Lilford, E. (2015). Relationship between the gold price and the Australian dollar - US dollar exchange rate.Mineral Economics, 28(1-2), pp.65-78. Jackson, S. (2009). The value of a dollar.Journal of Business Strategy, 30(4), pp.55-57. Khayat, G. (2017). The impact of setting negative policy rates on banking flows and exchange rates.Economic Modelling. Lin, C.H., 2012. The comovement between exchange rates and stock prices in the Asian emerging markets. International Review of Economics Finance, 22(1): 161-172. Luetkepohl, H. and Milunovich, G. (2015). Testing for Identification in SVAR-GARCH Models: Reconsidering the Impact of Monetary Shocks on Exchange Rates.SSRN Electronic Journal. Marmolejo, A. (2011). Effects of a Free Trade Agreement on the Exchange Rate Pass-through to Import Prices.Review of International Economics, 19(3), pp.475-493. Meng, S. (2015). Modeling the impact of exchange rates using a multicurrency framework.Economic Modelling, 49, pp.223-231. Ravimohan, A. (2010). Appreciation of Australias real exchange rate: causes and effects.RBA Economics Competition 2010. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/education/economics-competition/2010/pdf/first-year.pdf [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. Stefanescu, R. and Dumitriu, R. (2013). Impact of the Foreign Exchange Rates Fluctuations on Returns and Volatility of the Bucharest Stock Exchange.SSRN Electronic Journal. Uddin, S. (2016). Value-Added Trade, Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Trade Elasticity: Revisiting the Trade Competitiveness.SSRN Electronic Journal. van Pham, D. and Delpachitra, S. (2014). Does Real Exchange Rate Depreciation Boost Capital Accumulation? An Intertemporal Analysis.Australian Economic Papers, 53(3-4), pp.230-244.

Financial Accounting of Cocoa Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting of Cocoa Ltd. Answer: Introduction: The business structure is becoming very complex with the changing time and preferences of the customers. In order to get bets out of the human resources, business proprietor satisfies the employees by rewarding them and providing them lucrative offers. The introduction of corporate governance sought the desire and wellbeing of the employees. Business are required to keep the shareholders satisfied and happy, as they are the capital provider, which helps in keeping the process of production smooth (Balakrishnan and Cohen 2013). It is very vital for the organization to have ethics structure and strong governance to keep the employees and shareholders happy and satisfied. The given case study discusses about the Cocoa Ltd that is a large departmental store and since its formation, it has been following straight-line depreciation. Cocoa ltd has been experiencing the profits and the trend is expected to continue in the upcoming years that is 2016 and 2017. It is predicted that there would be economic downturn, which would lead to subsequent fall in the profits in the year 2018 and 2019. Manager of the company intends to provide the shareholders with the consistent profits to make them happy. He asked the manager to transfer the profits in the subsequent year by reducing in the upcoming years so that the shareholders are aligned with the organization (Bazley et al. 2013). The report would analyze and discuss the governance and ethics related issue related to the case discussed above. It discusses about the ethics, governance, shareholders and changing method of depreciation while maintaining compliance with AASB 116. Discussion: The case study discusses about the changing method of depreciation to maintaining the consistency in profits along with focusing on the corporate governance and ethics of the organization. In the event of the economic slowdown predicted by the economist, the managers of the organization seeks to maintain consistent profits over the year by changing the depreciation method. The reason was that the economic slowdown would hamper the profits generated by the Cocoa Ltd and this would ultimately lower the investment made by the shareholders (Callen 2015). In the light of the discussed issue, the manager of the organization came to the accountant Andrea Andy seeking change in the method of charring depreciation to their assets. He asked to adopt such method that would lower the profits in the year 2016 and 2017, so that the same amount of profit generated can be distributed in the year 2018 and 2019. This would enable the Cocoa Ltd to generate consistent profit distribution to their share holders over the period. Andrea has been asked by Max cocoa to adopt to such strategy as this is in the best interest of the shareholders. This is because they would be provide with consistent profit maintaining the goodwill of Cocoa Ltd (Cascino et al. 2016). Andrea Andy thought that the reason presented by Mr. Max to reduce the profits in the later year was not justified. However, she was concerned of terminating the contract if does not oblige with the managers view. This resulted the accountant in changing the depreciation method from the straight-line method to sum of years digit method, which would reduce the profits in upcoming year and distribute the same in the subsequent year. In addition to these, Andrea did not disclose the change in the financial statements as she thought that the reason for change in the accounting method would not satisfy the shareholders (Christensen et al. 2014). orporate governance plays a vital role in proper functioning of the organization. This is so because of the ideology of corporate governance determine the value generated to the stakeholders. One of the crucial component of the knowledge and the skill base of the professional accountant in the modern world is the ethics and corporate governance. Accountants must possess relevant knowledge in governance technique, relevant regimes and compliance, as they are important decision makers of the financials of the company. This would ensure that they perform their duty effectively by observing the lawful operations and observing corporate behavior. In regard to the Cocoa Ltd, that the understanding of the structure of corporate governance and ethics needs to be align with the role and responsibilities shown in the accounting techniques (Deegan 2013). It is viewed by Andrea that the professional and ethical issues are identified and resolved by the analytical talent, knowledge and decision-making. The matter of governance and ethics provides this. Andrea listened to Max even though the reason was not justified. She thought that the essential thing is to satisfy the shareholders need. Matters, which specializes in the functional discipline of the accounts, are assisted by the principle of ethics and corporate governance (Weil et al. 2013). It is clearly depicted from the case study that Andrea is more focused on the management and leadership. She is less involved with the traditional accounting method as compared to the other professional accountant. Andrea is involved many crucial decision of the business and assist support to the senior management. Therefore, it is very essential on the part of Andrea to have proper knowledge about the governance and ethics. The matter presented above enhances awareness about the corporate governance (Harrison et al. 2014). Accountants should possess proper knowledge and skills so that they are able to function effectively in the universal and dynamic structure of the prevailing business. Concerning this, Andrea should have a proper understanding of the ethical and governance matter. The process is structured to make the development in the attitudes, professional ethics among the accountants (Henderson et al. 2015). Subjects concerning corporate governance and ethics are framed to make the development in the attitude, value and ethics of the professional accountant. This would help them in understanding the management problem and the decision-making would be in favor of the stakeholders. The changed method adopted for charging the depreciation needs to comply with the Australian Accounting Standard Board 116. The new accounting treatment should help the users in discerning the information made by the entity in the plant, property and equipment. It should also take into account the changes made in the investment. The depreciation method adopted by Andrea should reflect the pater in which the future economic benefit derived by the asset should be consumed by the entity. Selecting the depreciation method by Andrea is a matter of judgment. However, according to the AASB 116, it is required on part of entity to disclose effect and nature of change in an accounting estimate that has an effect on the current period as well as subsequent period (Aasb.gov.au 2017). The concept of ethics and matter of governance would help Andrea in explaining and understanding the factors from the global perspective along with the accounting style and functioning as an accountant. Important duties of the accountant are crucial to be applied from the viewpoint of member of CPA in Australia. It is vital to practice to have the ethics and professional judgment, which explain the governance framework and crucial regulations. This fact is inclusive of the effect on the shareholders involved in the organization international viewpoint on the corporate governance (Hoggett et al. 2014). Such factors are considered essential for the accountant such as Andrea as the estimations are explained based on the stakeholders arising from the organizational responsibilities from the corporate governance. The compliance and regimes affecting the international business environment is also ascertained. Ethics and governance involved in the business assist in finding the strategic, l eadership and the international issues, which have an impact on the accountants. This is evident in case of Andrea and her accounting profession. The accounting profession practiced by Andrea also ensures that the importance, nature and role of corporate governance are inclusive of the sustainable development (Schipper et al. 2017). The ethics module intends to describe the implementation of ethics on the nation of the interest of stakeholders and public. Overview of the ethical approach is depicted here that would help Andrea in solving the issues of ethical dilemma. The ethical dilemma concerning the case study presented here is unjustified explanation regarding the changing depreciation method by the manager of Cocoa Ltd. For the professional accountant, the issue presented here helps in detailed evaluation of the code of ethics. Ethical issues are addressed by revealing the process to gain the code of ethics (Richard and David 2016). It also takes into consideration the factors that are essential for the accountant to undertake the ethical decision-making. The guidance and codes would provide the outline of the proper approach of decision-making, which is essential to take the decision in the situation faced by Andrea. The framework of corporate governance can be examined by explaining the theory of corporate governance. This considers the relationship between the managers, stakeholders and the organization (Wagenhofer 2015). Operation of Cocoa Ltd in the country like Australia has witnessed that the codes of governance are vital and it influences the cultural approach followed by the organization with respect to the corporate governance. In this case, there is a scope of recommendation for improvement. The process tries to takes into account the failure of the corporate governance due to the unjustified reason presented by the manager in changing the accounting methods (Narayanaswamy 2014). Such types of corporate governance failure can be identified in the future. In order for the Professional accountant such as Andrea to perform the duty and successfully obliged to the duty should have the understanding of the in depth concept of the corporate governance. In the current scenario presented by the case study, where Andrea is obliged to undertake some decision imposed by the managers. It is very essential in this regard for Andrea to have the understanding of the ethical behavior with respect to the corporate governance. However, this requires the two level analysis. It would include effect of the growth on the welfare of the stakeholders of the organization and the corporate agency internal concerns. Recommendation: The governance practiced by the organization is based on the behavior of the employees and managers in their most effective interest that would satisfy the stakeholders. Ideology of corporate governance is restricted by the two factors. This include the managers interest concerning the stakeholders. Many instances are available where the stakeholders are hurt by the decisions of the managers. Another factor is that the stakeholders of the company do not possess the knowledge and skills possessed by the management. Such situation may lead to establish the dynamism and the accountants like Andrea are compelled for short termism. This would imply that the accountants behave in the way that is in the stakeholders interest and here Andrea has behaved in the same way by not disclosing changed method of accounting. Such process undermines the value creation over time as the profits reported are reduced for few years and later on distributed in the subsequent year. Some of the things like ov ersight, transparency mechanism and the remuneration mechanism would help in restricting the agency cost. Conclusion: The study conducted evaluates that it is being predicted by Cocoa Ltd that it would have decreased profit in light of economic downturn. Account of the organization has been asked by the manager Max Cocoa to initiate the process that would reduce the profit in the upcoming year, so that consistent profit would be generated in the subsequent year. This would provide the shareholder with consistent return in terms of dividends. The case study takes into consideration the idea of corporate governance and ethics that would help Andrea to align the decision that is in the interest of the stakeholders. It can be conclude from the report discussed above that governance structure and ethics has helped Andrea in taking decision. Decision to change the method of depreciation without mentioning in the financial statement helps in retaining the reputation of the firm. At the same time, it is required by the entity to disclose the accounting method as per the standard. On this part, Andrea led to the failure of corporate governance and being ethical. This also took into account the unjustified decision taken by the manager and taking the financial decision in line with the managerial decision. Reference: Aasb.gov.au. (2017). Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB116_07-04_ERDRjun10_07-09.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017]. Balakrishnan, K. and Cohen, D.A., 2013. Competition and financial accounting misreporting.Available at SSRN 1927427. Bazley, M., Hancock, P., Fisher, C., Lovell, A., Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P., 2013.Financial Accounting: An Integrated. Thomson Pty Ltd, South Melbourne. Callen, J.L., 2015. A selective critical review of financial accounting research.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,26, pp.157-167. Cascino, S., Clatworthy, M., Osma, B.G., Gassen, J., Imam, S. and Jeanjean, T., 2016. The decision usefulness of financial accounting information: an experimental interview study of institutional investors. Christensen, T.E., Baker, R.E. and Cottrell, D.M., 2014.Advanced Financial Accounting. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Harrison, W.T., Horngren, C.T., Thomas, C.B. and Suwardy, T., 2014. Financial accounting: international financial reporting standards. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hoggett, J., Edwards, L., Medlin, J., Chalmers, K., Hellmann, A., Beattie, C. and Maxfield, J., 2014. Financial accounting. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.Financial accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Narayanaswamy, R., 2014.Financial accounting: a managerial perspective. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Richard, L. and David, P., 2016. Advanced financial accounting. Schipper, K., Francis, J. and Weil, R., 2017.Financial Accounting: Introduction to Concepts, Methods and Uses. Cengage Learning. Wagenhofer, A., 2015. Usefulness and implications for financial accounting.The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, p.341. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning.