Socio-economic status and race

Socio-economic status and race Abstract The defendant who was Latino was hypothesized to be sentenced to more years in prison by jurors than the defendant who was white. It was also hypothesized that the defendant would be sentenced to more years in prison if the victim was of higher socio-economic status (Businessman) than low socio-economic status (homeless man). There were 60 college aged participants chosen at random. Participants were given one of four scenarios that varied in race (white or Latino) of the defendant and socio-economic status (Business or Homeless) of the victim. The scenarios asked the participants to recommend jail sentences for the given scenario. As hypothesized the Latino defendants received longer jail sentences than the white defendants and defendants received longer sentences when the victim was a Business man than when the victim was a homeless man. Socio-Economic Status and Race as Influences on Jury Sentencing: Does Socio-Economic Status and Race Influence a Jury Decision on Sentencing? As the world becomes more diverse we need to understand the bias factors that influence jurors decisions. It is hard to asses these factors in real cases as no two cases are truly similar and we can not simulate several scenarios. We used Jury simulations to test these unconscious bias people used when they recommended sentencing for the defendants. The bias factors can be seen in the news when high profile cases come up. There are times when we believed defendants to be guilty but they were found innocent. In most cases the defendants were either from high socio-economic status or race was a factor. We conducted the jury simulation with four different scenarios to try and understand this bias. Based on previous research we made two hypotheses. The first was that the Latino man would be sentenced to more years in prison than the white man. According to demographic studies minorities are more likely to be convicted of a crime and more harshly sentenced than white Caucasian (Gleason, Harris, 1975). The second hypothesis was that defendants would be sentenced to more years in prison when the victim was a Business man and less years when the victim was a homeless man. Based on previous studies cited in this report it was predicted that there would be a main effect for each variable and a significant interaction between these variables. Defendants are sentenced to more years in prison when the victim is considered attractive to the jury than when the victim is considered unattractive (Landy, Aronson, 1969. Race and Socio-economic status do notably bias jurors views toward the defendant and victim in a court case. Those with higher socio-economic status were seen as less guilty than those with lower socio-economic status (Gleason, Harris, 1975). Gleason and Harriss study was a 22 factorial design which varied the defendants race (white and black) and socio-economic status (middle class and lower class).Although in Gleason Harriss study the socio-economic status variable is used for the defendant and in our study socio-economic status is used for the victim, you can still see how socio-economic status plays a rule in peoples judgment regardless of if its the victim or defendant with high or low status. If the defendant is of high socio-economic status they are less likely to be found guilty status (Gleason, Harris, 1975). Also if the victim is of high status the defendant is more likely to be found guilty and subject to a harsher sentence as this study shows. A jury simulation carried out by Gordon, Bindrim, McNicholas, Walden survey 56 University students. Their survey was a jury simulation that studied how perceptions of blue-collar and white-collar crimes were tied to the defendants race. An equal number of black and white participants were given one of four scenarios were the descriptions of the defendants race (black or white) and type of crime (burglary or embezzlement) committed varied. In the study the black defendant was sentenced to a longer jail term than the white defendant in crimes that were considered blue-collar crimes such as the burglary that was present in the study. In the case of the embezzlement the white defendant was sentenced to a longer jail term than the black defendant. This study conclude that people are more likely to be sentenced more harshly for crimes that people can associate them with on the bases of things like demographics and socio-economic status . There are many other studies that have looked the things that influence a jurors opinion of a defendant. One study â€Å"The Influence of the Character of the Criminal and His Victim on the Decisions of Simulated Jurors† carried out by Landy Aronson looked at the character of the criminal and defendant and how it influences jurors decisions. They conducted two version of the experiment and compared results. In both the first and second version of the experiment the victim was report to half the participants as unattractive and to the other half as attractive. For the second version the character of the defendant also varied in character some attractive, unattractive, and neutral. Jurors are more likely to look at a defendant more negatively when they see the victim as attractive and less likely to view the defendant negatively when the victim is unattractive (Landy, Aronson, 1969). Method Participants Participants were 60 University students. Participants were approached randomly and asked to volunteer in this study. The Participants ranged in age approximately 18-24 years old and were University students from around the country. Materials Each Participant was given a short jury simulation scenario (See Figure 1). There were two independent variables that made up four different scenarios. The opening paragraph informed participants that the questionnaires were anonymous and that they may take as much time as they need to come to a decision. It also informed participants to give to give their personal judgment not bias of what others may think and sentence defendant without parole to a certain number of years in prison. The last paragraph restated what the opening paragraph had stated. All four scenarios were similar in location of incident, action leading up to incident, details of how accident occurred, and the fatal outcome resulting in the victims death. The scenarios were all male drivers driving down a street at night distracted that hit and killed a pedestrian crossing the street that was not using a crosswalk. The two variables that were changed were the defendants race (White Caucasian, Latino) and victims sta tus (Business, Homeless) man. Design There were four groups of 15 participants assigned randomly based on their researcher. Each group was given separate scenarios to read and make a decision on. Procedure There were three researchers who approached participants in the field. One researcher administered two scenarios while the other two researchers administered one scenario each. University students were approached at random by the researchers and asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. For example some participants were asked before the start of a lecture to complete one of the researchers scenarios from the scenarios of anonymous questionnaires. Participants were instructed to read through the scenario and make a personal judgment of the numbers of years in prison the defendant should be sentenced to. Once the participant was done writing down their sentence on the questionnaire they placed it in a large manila envelope to protect their anonymity and privacy. Results A 2-way 22 analysis of variance was run to decide if the sentence length was influenced by socio-economic status or by race. There was a main effect present for the victims socio-economic status. The prison sentence given to the defendant when the victim was a Business man (M= 8.73, SE=.69) was significantly longer than when the victim was a homeless man (M= 6.67, SE=.69) (F (1, 56) = 4.45, p .05) (See Figure 2). In looking at figure 2 we can see the lines are nearly parallel which would be a visually indicator that there not significant interaction. Discussion There were significant main effects for both variables (Race and Status). When the defendants race was Latino their sentence was significantly longer than when the defendants race was White. As for status the defendants sentence was significantly longer when the victim was a business man than when the victim was a homeless man. There was no significant interaction between race and status. Support for the two hypotheses can be explained by the results of previous research on jury simulation presented in this report. In this study it was predicted that there would be a main effect for each of the variables and a significant interaction between these variables. Although there was not a significant interaction in this study unlike some similar studies which resulted in significant interactions, there was a main effect for each variable. No two studies will ever be the same making it hard to undoubtedly predict the results and interactions. The variable of race showed that Latino men were sentenced to more years in prison than a white man. For the variable of status defendants were sentenced to more years in prison when the victim was a business man than when the victim was a homeless man. In this study race was the more significant variable. A black defendant was seen perceived as more likely to repeat a crime than a white defendant (Gordon, Bindrim, McNicholas, Walden, 1988). Thus to say the race of the defendant had a greater influence on the jurors to sentence more harshly than the influence of the victims social-economic status. There were a couple of limitations in this study. The first limitation is the external validity due to the population size and selection. With the sample size (N =60) University students it is hard to generalize the findings to all possible American jurors. This sample size would need to be bigger and cover a wider age group across America. In future research we could collaborate with Universities across the nation to conduct the study on a much lager scale. With this collaboration a much larger sample size that would be spread out across the Nation could create a more generalized picture of the bias that goes into jurors decisions. Also we could use a neutral study with a similar sample size to compare to the study. The neutral study would the same incident but it would be a person driving killed another person and there would be not race, status, or any other demographics. Another suggestion for future studies would be to obtain certain demographics from the participants (age, rac e, religion, political party, etc.). I would ask all participants two question regarding their experience with the US justice system. The first question would be if they have ever been convicted of a crime and if so have they ever served time in prison. Those two questions are important as they might play into the participants decision when evaluating their opinions of the defendant and feelings toward the US justice system. With all this said the more demographics and questions we ask the better we can understand the specific bias that play into jurors decisions when making a judgment on a victim. References Gleason, J., Harris, V. (1975). Race, socio-economic status, and perceived similarity as determinants of judgments by simulated jurors. Social Behavior and Personality, 3(2), 175-180. Gordon, R., Bindrim, T., McNicholas, M., Walden, T. (1988). Perceptions of blue-collar and white-collar crime: The effect of defendant race on simulated juror decisions. The Journal of Social Psychology, 128(2), 191-197. Landy,D., Aronson, E. (1969). The Influence of the Character of the Criminal and His Victim on the Decisions of Simulated Jurors. Journal of Experimental SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 5, 141-152.

Marketing Mcqs Essay

In Toronto, Black and Decker has granted nine distributors the rights to carry its products. It hopes customers will seek out the Black and Decker products. Black and Decker uses which of the following type of distribution? Answercentralized exclusive demand-pull selective 1 points Question 2 Managers typically follow five steps in the decision-making process. Which of the following steps is first? AnswerEvaluate the strengths and weaknesses of potential decisions. Gather information. Recognize or define the problem or opportunity. Establish a budget. 1 points Question 3 According to which of the following should a firm first identify consumer needs and then produce the goods and services that will satisfy them? Answerthe total exchange concept the market mission statement the marketing concept the sales concept 1 points Question 4 The CBC is experiencing poorer ratings during the new fall season than anticipated because of the decreasing number of younger people. Many experts in the entertainment industry believe that the audience for programming on the CBC network is people over the age of 55 in spite of claims by executives that its programming is designed to reach a younger, less conservative audience. Which of the following statements correctly describes this situation? AnswerCBC does not have a target market. The target market for CBC is people over the age of 55. CBC does not need a target market because other television networks succeed without one. CBC is efficiently reaching its self-defined target market 1 points Question 5 Which of the following is an expense item for an independent bookstore? Answerorder forms the building in which store is located book shelves display cabinet for first editions 1 points Question 6 What is the relatively small group of managers at the head of an organization that establishes overall strategy and long-range goals? Answerfunctional management supervisory management top management middle management 1 points Question 7 Gillette decided to plant a tiny computer chip in its products’ packages to attempt to revolutionize how its inventory was managed. Which of the following management functions would be used to achieve its goal of greater efficiency? Answercontrolling staffing organizing planning 1 points Question 8 A person who works as a sales representative for a manufacturer or wholesaler and gets paid a commission on any sales is known as which of the following? Answermerchant wholesaler broker agent merchandiser 1 points Question 9 Which of the following is an example of an individual factor that influences the consumer decision-making process? Answerpersonality neighbourhood opinion leaders family 1 points Question 10 What is a basic form of market segmentation that uses variables such as age, education, and income? Answerbenefit segmentation demographic segmentation population segmentation psychographic segmentation

Top Good Discursive Essay Topics Reviews!

Top Good Discursive Essay Topics Reviews! The Do's and Don'ts of Good Discursive Essay Topics The important distinction is that the argumentative essay should demonstrate a discussion instead of a single opinion. Your thesis ought to be relevant so the post can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. To conclude, Presenting an awe-inspiring discursive essay won't take a humongous effort on your part as soon as you're conscious of the techniques to compose a stellar paper. Going through sample essays would assist you in learning to recognize the suitable topic for you. Sometimes you could also be asked to compose a discursive essay wherein you don't argue for or against this issue or statement but instead have to present your very own unbiased views and opinions on this matter. Facts, ultimately, will always win out against how folks are feeling at a specific moment. Usually, you're expected to present your views on this issue in a balanced way after taking consideration of all of the factors, which include for and against. Some folks may believe that the fantastic content could be written on any topic and the paper success is dependent just on the mastery of the writer. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most essential point to do is to select a topic and an argument you could really get behind. Does a great lawyer has an effect on the results of a murder trial in the united states. There's a significant solution to your issue! The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs. When seeking to write like an expert writer you would like your work to look its very best. If you are experiencing problems regarding an academic job, you can trust the experts of MyEssayhelp.co.uk. As you start to learn about the essay writing process it's important to provide time to your writing. There are many steps which you should take so as to compose an exemplary essay. Definitions of Good Discursive Essay Topics Which brings me to my next and last point on the benefits of giving birth to a uniform, The price. Discover which of the topics, you presently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. So without further ado, below are some effective writing tips to produce your common app essay stick out! You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. There are a number of internet resources where you good discussion essays may look for assistance with hom ework. There are a lot of things you need to live, many things you feel, and you simply don't know if a number of the situations you do are ok or not. The audio today isn't as fantastic as it was before the calendar year 2000. The ideal time to exercise is in the morning when you could be fresh and energetic. The very first step is where a lot of students become stuck. The role of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. If high schools would offer therapeutic support for those students, they may be much happier and absolutely free of problems. Year round school isn't a good idea. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. If you're thinking about how to compose a persuasive essay, you must know that writing an essay is a complicated practice. To discover argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you want to comprehend about the argumentative essay. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Before you commence working on the paper, you must go through several topics to compose a persuasive essay on. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make certain to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. The shortage of fantastic support sources are going to result in a decrease grade. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will enable you to select your own.

Reality Essay - 1837 Words

Today, people are born into a generation where people care only for themselves more than ever. People want the best and nothing but the best. In Jean Twinge’s essay, â€Å"An Army of One: Me,† it focuses on the self-esteem that people have and how it is related to the happiness in which people want to feel. Having high self-esteem will contribute to being more confident, which will lead to an individual taking on their goals head on. Also, both Leslie Bell’s, â€Å"Selections from Hard to Get: Twenty-Something Women and the Paradox of Sexual Freedom,† and Daniel Gilbert’s, â€Å"Immune to Reality,† offer insight on the matter of pursuit of happiness. Each individual has their own way of knowing when they are happy and only they will know when the†¦show more content†¦Bell’s profession as a psychoanalyst is to study women, her patients, and their decision to be sexually explorative. Women should have high self-esteem to m ake the choice to do whatever they please. If they want a relationship early at twenty-something, then go right ahead. If they want to first find a career path and earn an education, then that is acceptable as well. Bell mentions, â€Å"These contradictory directives leave young women in a bind, and without much help figuring out what they actually want,† (Bell 27). Societal notions tell women to follow a certain path. This contradicts what Gilbert’s essay is about. What do people actually want? No one really knows what they want. This is why when given the option to make choices, people can explore until they reach a level of competency. While Bell says that it is acceptable to make personal choices, Gilbert is saying that doing this will lead to an unhappy life. People want different things. Self-esteem, choice, and happiness are all correlated in the manner that one needs high self-esteem to make good choices, which will lead to overall happiness. 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